Monday, January 27, 2020
Nurse advocacy
Nurse advocacy Nurses are faced with a lot of issues and dilemma in their work places. Nurses are committed to deliver services for all persons irrespective of color, background, social or economic status. They are committed to promote individuals, families, communities and national health goals in the best manner possible according to the code of conduct. Nurses are also involved in ethical, legal and political issues in the delivering of health care. Not all the time the nurses and doctors make decisions about the patients treatment. The patients themselves have the right to decide whether they want the treatment or not. Nonetheless the duty to promote a patients best interest may conflict with the duty to respect the same patients autonomous wishes concerning treatment. This can lead to legal issues and the nurses and doctors have to follow the four principles approach. The four principles is one of most widely used frameworks and offers a broad consideration of medical ethic s issues generally, not just for use in a clinical setting, The four principles are general guides that leave considerable room for judgment in specific cases. (Study Skills Notes) The four principles are: THE RESPECT OF AUTONOMY. The principle or respect for autonomy entails taking into account and giving consideration to the patients views on his/her treatment regardless of their competent. This self-rule is limited by the particulars of events that may render some choices to be merely apparent autonomous choices. An example may be that a persons choices are influenced by illicit drugs, medication, disease processes or just the plain influence of another person. In some cases people who have been physically or sexually abused sometimes hide the true nature of their abuse or abuser. However, in this instance respect for autonomy involves not only ‘acknowledging decision-making rights but enabling persons to act automonously.'(Beauchamp and Childress 2001:pg63).                                                                                                                           THE BENEFICENCE means to do good in Latin. The healthcare professional should act to benefit patient or client. This principle may clash with the principle of respect for autonomy when the patient makes a decision that the healthcare professional does not think will benefit the patient. It is clear that the nature of the relationship between health professionals and their patients establishes an obligation of beneficence. This obligation is frequently referred to as a duty of care. Ho wever, a duty of care is clearly also influenced by other principles.(Beauchamp and Childress 2001:pg225-275) NON-MALEFICENCE: Do no harm. As a justification for condemning any act which unjustly injures a person or causes them to suffer an otherwise avoidable harm. For example, if a patient suffers an infection from a bacteria like methicillin (or multidrug)-resistant or MRSA because health care workers fail to take precautions such as properly washing their hands then that would be a breach of principle of non-maleficence.(Beauchamp and Childress 2001:pg225-275)                                                                                                                         The fourth principle is JUSTICE: is the most difficult and elusive of the four principles. One of conception of justice is termed ‘distributive justice. This concerns for instance the just distribution of benefits such as state funded health care. All distributions conform of justice that equals should be treated equally. Justice means fairness not postcode lottery. Each member of society, irrespective of wealth or position, should have access to healthcare. However only those of health care that achieve or have priority. Such as emergency care or treatment for acute phases of illness or perhaps preventative health measures, education may be included in state-funded health care but purely cosmetic surgery or artificial fertilization treatments may not be included. (Beauchamp and Childress 2001:pg225-275) Like in this ladys case a 76 year old named Betty suffers from a continuous intestinal obstruction following a bowel perforation resection which means (a broken or burst bowel). She has been chrormically unwell for a long time and has had recurrent chest infections and sepsis. She has been admitted to intensive care on at least four occasions in the past year. On each occasion, despite predictions to the contrary, she has been well enough to return home. She was admitted again for the fifth time to intensive for an operation prior to another laparotomy. This time she had heard enough so she refused treatment. They then transferred her to an ordinary ward for nursing care with instructions for the nursing staff that she is to be kept comfortable but is not for further active treatment. But Bettys daughter who is a doctor and lives abroad flown in and was adamant that everything possible should be done for her mother. She asks for her mum to be returned to intensive care and be given the treatment. Bettys son who lives locally and has been her main carer said his mother has been through enough and does not want her to have any further active intervention. Thats when the four principles come in. Betty has to be assessed to see whether she is competent then maybe persuade her to rethink if that doesnt work they just have to respect her wishes. If Betty lacks capacity her views about the care she receives are important in determining her best interests. The clinician may feel that he/she is not acting beneficently towards his/her patient if he/she allows her to die for lack of treatment. With all that involve there will be tension between beneficence and non-maleficence in such a case. Bettys son views are also important because he has been there for his mum regarding her wishes. In Bettys case the law a competent person refusing treatment to put it in writing and witnessed. The Act enables a person when competent to appoint a proxy to take healthcare decisions for her when she loses capacity. This can be done through a Lasting Power of Attorney, a formal document that must be lodged with the Court of Protection. (Ethic education resource pack: Ethic and the vulnerable patient Ethox Centre 2005) According to the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Advocacy and Autonomy. Every patient has the right to make their own decisions regarding their health care. As a registered nurse, midwife or specialist community public health nurse, have to respect the patient or client as an individual. Advocacy is concerned with promoting and protecting the interests of patients and clients, many of whom may be vulnerable and incapable of protecting their own interests. They may lack the support of family and friends. (NMC Advocacy and Automomy).
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Differences between Genders Not Created by Social Conditioning
This paper intends to observe males in social settings, as well as, in the workplace. In addition to that, it will try to identify the differences between opposite genders in terms of those not created from social conditioning. Finally, it will also enumerate social conditions promoting gender inequality that adversely affects the society. Observations The following are some of the ones I noticed among the males in social settings and in the workplace:In the office, there was a man who didn’t care how excellent the result of his work will turn out to be, what he is focused on is accomplishing is (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). It doesn’t really matter to him if his colleagues will approve of his work just as long as it is done (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). Another man speaks of his desired promotion and salary increase which shows how important money and power are to him (Marriage Missions International n. p. ).Finally, there was a man at the party who did not seem to care how badly ironed his clothes were (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). His hair was even too messy to look at (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). It is clearly evident that he cares less about his appearance (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). Differences Based on the observations carried out, the differences among genders which are not brought about by social conditioning are the following: First of all is preference.The â€Å"outward show†of an individual is not taught by somebody he or she is with. This depends on what the person wants or desires. Another is known as innate ability/attitude. A man was not trained or taught to want money or fame, this is instilled in him. It’s an attitude he already has. The same is true with his performance; a man may be innately lazy and not motivated to work excellently. Social Conditions The social conditions that may promote gender inequality are the following: The first is gender role s.This may create adverse effects on the society because gender roles are behaviors which a particular culture or group of people expects from people (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). Therefore, if a certain person acts contrary to whatever expectations their group may have then it creates chaos and bias from these people (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). For example, in certain cultures only the men/husband are expected to work and earn for the entire family and so if there is anybody female/wife is the one earning/working, this somehow creates bias from the culture/society they belong to (Net Industries, LLC n.p. ).The problem with this is that the women may tend to be abused and may be looked down upon because of their expected role (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). Another is based on â€Å"materialist theories†which means that genders are linked to the economic output of both genders (Eitzen et. al. 251). Here, women are constantly discriminated upon because in the past women are p aid much less than men (Eitzen et. al. 251). The society is affected believing that up to now this is still the case (Eitzen et. al. 251).
Friday, January 10, 2020
Adult Day Care
Adult day care (ADC) service centers should be built in our community to take care of elders during the day time when their family members are out at work or unable in pertaining necessary heed to the elders. Thus it is necessary to action in this regard. Services usually take place in their residences or in designated hospice residences or hospitals.Hospice services consist of basic nursing heed, mental health counseling, homemaker and personal care help, plus pastoral care and spiritual counseling. In addition, physician-directed procedures are used to assist in pain control and acute or chronic system management.II. Project DescriptionA. IntroductionWith a heart full of sun drenched reminiscences of his golden times of yore, when a person steps into the dusky horizon of old age, after traveling through all crests and troughs of life, he seeks a peaceful shelter to stay for the rest of his life. Parents or guardians when capable, bring up their children, provide them food, educatio n and fulfill all their basic needs.Therefore it also becomes the responsibility of the young to take care of their parents or guardians when they grow old. There are elderly people, who entertain intensive care and affection from their families, but there also exist elderly persons who either do not have anybody in their family to pay attention to them or their family members are too busy to do so. Such elderly people can take the help of Adult day care services.B. Rationale and Significance:1. Definition of the problemOld age brings with it chronic diseases, intolerable pain, frustrating incapability, never ending solitude, etc. Though, it can become a peaceful shelter with care and affection of family and friends. But being a primary caregiver for an elder can be a difficult job.Matters like Bathroom Safety, pain management, proper nutritional care, special care for elders living with Incontinence, etc have to be always kept in mind. All these are not so easy for a busy perso n. The hours are time-consuming and it can be a wearisome and anxiety-provoking duty, for even the most enduring person.2. Background of the ProblemIn this dynamic world, that is moving from progress to greater progress, in an endless motion people are compelled to devote most of their time to their work and social life. Thus people are unable to dedicate the necessary time and care to the elders. Establishment of Adult day care (ADC) can prove to be a cost-effective way out to a loved one's care requirements during the daytime.Adult day care (ADC) services, with all modern medical equipments and techniques, endow with daytime care for feeble elders and aged people with disabilities in form of a group termed as adult day care center. Services may differ depending on the requirements of the people served.3. Need for a SolutionAs a result there is a specific need for solution to this problem. With varying routine of care, ADCs serve its members with wide range of social, health, recre ational, medical care, or rehabilitation to persons with chronic diseases or disabilities. Thus, it is necessary to comprehend what echelon of care can exactly meet the needs of the person to be admitted.4. There will be weekly evaluations doneAs corruption and unnecessary delay are common practices, which easily becomes part of any organization, weekly evaluations of the performance of the Adult day care (ADC) service centers should be done by government personnel, such as government doctors, food inspectors, health department representatives, etc, to provide the best of care to the elders of the community.5. Benefits from the solutionAdult day care put forward a dual benefit for elders and their families. Participants can get benefited from socialize with fellow members and receiving desired care services. Caregivers can also get benefited by getting a break from care giving responsibilities during the day time while being well convinced that a loved one is in good hands and they do not have to worry for them. Adult day care (ADC) services take profound care of their members.6. Feasibility of the solutionADCs are becoming more and more popular these days. More than 4,000 ADCs currently function in the U.S only and most of them are nonprofit programs. These ADCs acquire specialization in a particular populace or echelon of care, establishing qualification on one’s diagnosis or purposeful status and occasionally on age. Thus ADC can come up as a gainful system to meet the care requirements of elders in our community during the daytime.C. Plan of work:A. ScopeWith government subvention, support and direction, donations and assistance from non government or non profit or public welfare organizations, funds collected from residents of the community, and with their voluntary assistance Adult day care (ADC) service centers can be establisher in the community.B. MethodsAdult day care is a term generally used to portray different categories of adult day care s ervices. Most of the ADCs services serve to older adults where as some may specialize in taking care of younger adults with disabilities, or those with developmental disabilities. Different adult day care foundations use different terms to describe their services.Though the programs may in names, three most widespread types of ADCs are social day care, adult day health care, and dementia day care. The social day care form offers a gentle environment for persons without particular health care requirements.Activities usually comprise socialization with other members, group activities which are ethnical and specially designed for the aged, such as, current proceedings, singing or games, therapeutic activities and meals, personal care support, etc.C. Task breakdownThe adult day health care (ADHC) form helps persons with an array of health, rehabilitative, social and mental health requirements, often relating a physician's assessment and recommendation. Nursing and health care servic es are offered on the program, such as help with medications, health monitoring, physical therapy, occupational therapy, incontinence care and speech therapy, etc.The aim of ADHC is to reinstate or maintain a member’s best possible functioning. AS ADHC is more medically designed, licensed organizations may be paid back by Medicaid for making it available to low-income members. The dementia day care program specializes in helping persons with Alzheimer's disease, or other such challenging conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, etc.Dementia day care aims at preventing early institutionalization of persons with dementia and to endow with a break for family caregivers. Specialized programs proffer suitable activities for those who are suffering with confusion or memory loss, such as music or art, reminiscence, therapeutic activities in a harmless, secure surrounding with proper care and staff-to-participant proportion.Staffs with experience and tra ining in dementia care, behavior management strategies, and communication techniques are appointed in Dementia day care. Along with the above models few more models of ADC are also available these days, such as Living board and care model, Independent living centers, Hospice care and Respite care. The Living board and care model consists of smaller group homes which endow with concern for seniors and feeble elders have several names.D. Time and work scheduleA hospice team associate is on-call 24-hours to provide advice or assistance with an emergency. Hospice clients obtain services in accordance with an individualized plan of service. A social worker is usually charged with supporting the patient and family and in helping the care team in working efficiently with the family.Respite care is formed to alleviate caregivers of their everyday jobs. Some Adult Day Health Centers even organize transportation facilities. Home health agencies can also enter the field to provide assistance b y introducing a homemaker or home health assistant. Moreover, home health organization can arrange for round the clock care and over night care.E. Problem AnalysisDepending on where one resides, they could be termed as board and care homes, assisted living, personal care, adult group homes, adult foster care, boarding care homes or adult family homes. These dwellings proffer room and board in a small home like atmosphere, usually accommodating about 10 persons or less. They are often positioned in residential vicinity and provide a less professional substitute to trained nursing facilities of nursing homes or hospitals.As these homes do not provide medically-prescribed skilled nursing facilities, they usually can not be paid back by Medicaid. Some states provide licensing supplies for board and care homes which control services, staffing, facility environment and reimbursement. Alternate means of paying back such as supplemental security income – SSI are also accepted for low-income members.Independent living centers (ILCs) are usually private charitable community-based institutions which grant services and advocacy to persons with all sorts of disabilities. The majority are also consumer-controlled by persons with disabilities. The importance is on helping persons to maximize their prospective and live as autonomously as feasible in the community.The expansion of ILCs develops from the disability rights movement where persons with disabilities fought to recover their independence and reduce the requirements for institutional care. ILCs often make use of their constituencies to promote the rights of individuals with disabilities at the local, state, and national levels.Issues include admission to public buildings such as government buildings, restaurants, movie theaters, restrooms, parks, disabled parking and public transportation, and housing. They may be implicated in raging war against discrimination in the place of work and promoting employment prospects for citizens with disabilities, as well as engaging in avenues to increase health care exposures, contact to medical specialists and enduring care services.ILCs recruit staffs having knowledge on public reimbursements such as Medicaid, disability insurance, etc. Additionally, some ILCs also offer support groups, workshops, or instruction. Hospice services provide palliative care for persons with terminal sickness in the last stages of life and their families.Hospice coalesce medical, emotional, social and spiritual support to ease the dying person and his family and maintain dignity at the end-of-life. Services are dispensed through the involvement of physicians, nurses, social workers, therapists and volunteers.F. Likelihood of SuccessRespite care intends to ease the stress allied with care giving. Respite care can also be an unofficial arrangement, where acquaintances of the elder or another family member does the care giving duties for a few hours or a few days a week.à ‚ Adult Day Health Centers, Respite Centers, Senior Centers, and Skilled Nursing Facilities also offer respite care.Skilled nursing facilities that offer short-term respite are also available for the clients who require nursing care. Thus it becomes necessary to choose which services are to be provided in the ADC service center to meet our requirements and also fit within our budget. Once all these elements are analyzed and evaluated and implemented in accordance to plan there is no reason that the plan would ever fail. Thus likelihood of success is guaranteed.D. Facilities and Equipment:An Adult day care (ADC) service center having ultra modern equipments, well experienced and proficient doctors and nurses, surplus supply of medicines other stuffs, etc, required for instant diagnosis and proper treatment, should be formed in the community.A total carpet area of 3000 to 3500sqfts is required where there would be at least 8 to 10 rooms. Additionally there would be gardens or vast o pen areas. Modern medical equipments such as X-ray machines, CT scan, Ultra Sonography, ECG, Pace makers and other important instruments would be installed. Arrangements should be made to provide necessary and instant medical treatment to the elders in case of emergencies.III. Personnel Qualifications:Qualified physiotherapists, psychiatrists, yoga trainers etc should be appointed to endow with spiritual heal along with physical and mental fitness to the elders. Nutritionists and center supervisors can also be appointed to administer the workings in the center, so as to provide proper healthy food and maintain hygiene of the center.IV. Budget:Establishment of an Adult day care (ADC) service center accommodating at least a hundred members in it and providing all aforementioned facilities require a large area of about 3000 to 3500sqfts, having at least 8 to 10 rooms with gardens or vast open areas. This may cost approximately $122000 to $134000.Costs of modern medical equipments s uch as X-ray machines, CT scan, Ultra Sonography, ECG, Pace makers and several other devices can be all together rounded up to $490000 to $580000. Remunerations of doctors, nurses and other employees together calculated makes near about $8000 to $12200 per month.Along with these disbursements expenses on purchase of food and medicines, payments of electricity bills, telephone bills, taxes, etc also have to be considered. (Roy, 2006)V. Urge to Action:By and large people feel unenthusiastic to use adult day care services for the reason that they give the unknown impression, or since a loved one is tentative to endeavor something untried. Knowledge about Adult day care (ADC) services has to be made available to them. Some people, who are economically not so sound, may ADC expensive to use. Some concessions and relaxation in fees should be provided to them.VI. AppendixOld age never comes alone. It brings with it chronic diseases, intolerable pain, frustrating incapability, never end ing solitude, etc. Thus the journey in the twilight of life becomes a painful hell. Old age can become a peaceful shelter with care and affection of family and friends.Adult day care (ADC) services lend a helping hand to both the elder and their family. It relives from the pressure and monotone of taking care of their loved ones, at the same time endowing with the best care to the elder. Thus Official Proposal for Adult Daycare program in the Community is seriously needed.Reference:Roy, S; (2006) List of Instruments with Price; Medical Collage Equipment Handout- Year 2006; Kolkata Medical Collage. Kolkata: Universal Press
Thursday, January 2, 2020
The Renaissance And The Renaissance - 796 Words
The transition from the middle ages to the renaissance drastically changed art, culture, and the common worldview. The middle ages were viewed in a negative connotation as far as art and music goes. It was a religious time, focusing on God above all else unlike the renaissance. The renaissance brought about works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. It brought about an appreciation of humanism and secularism along with the renewal of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Causes of a shift from focusing on God to focusing on mankind include the crusades, the immorality in the church, the black death, along with all other aspects that lead to the middle ages being called the dark ages. Italian port cities grew wealthy during and after the†¦show more content†¦Constitutionalism was coined by John Locke as believing that man is capable of ruling himself and creating governments to aid that. Hobbes wrote the book Leviathan to define absolutism. Absolutism can be divided into two subc ategories, domestic right and theoretical. Domestic right is the belief that God gave the king his title and he should have no parliament due to the fact that he has been placed in power by God. Theoretical absolutism is the less radical belief but with the same principles. The application of reason to all areas of life; this is the definition of Enlightenment during a time of new culture, politics, and intellectual trends. This led to multiple revolutions such as the War of the Austrian Succession, the 7 years War, and even the American Revolution. Famous figures that encouraged these ideals were those such as Voltaire, (who was coined as the philosopher of enlightened despotism-the belief that the past is irrelevant and that the person in charge is solely there because they are superior), Diderot, Rousseau, and even Jefferson Leading up to the French Revolution, France was a country full of unrest. There were financial troubles brought on by taxation and the American Revolution and the taxation issues. There was a power struggle between the aristocracy and the monarchy, and the growing tension in the third estate. Events such as the Oath of Tennis Court, the storming of Bastille, the National Assembly, etc. were the beginning phasesShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance, Renaissance And The Renaissance Period775 Words  | 4 Pages Renaissance is a time period that starts a transitional cultural movement in Europe between medieval times and modern times. It means rebirth and begins in 14th century and lasts into the 17th century. Through out this time, many aspects were influenced by this cultural movement, such as art, music, science, religion and politics. 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